Dust and sandstorms are part of everyday weather in Saudi Arabia, especially in the central, eastern and northern regions. For expats arriving for the first time, the first sandstorm can be a surprise: the sky turns orange, visibility drops and fine dust gets everywhere. This guide explains why they happen, when they are most common, how to check air quality in your city and how to protect your health.
Why do sandstorms happen?
A dust storm forms when strong winds blow over dry, loose ground, lifting dust and sand into the air and carrying them over long distances. They are more likely during:
- The passage of low-pressure systems or weather fronts, often ahead of rain.
- Strong northwesterly winds across the central and eastern regions.
- Long dry periods that leave the soil loose and easy to lift.
- Thunderstorm outflows: the gusts rushing out ahead of a storm can raise a sudden wall of dust, sometimes called a haboob.
When is dust most common?
Dust is usually most frequent in spring and early summer, but it can appear at any time of year when the wind strengthens. Forecasts often describe three levels:
- Suspended dust: a light haze that partly reduces visibility.
- Rising dust or blowing sand: active winds lifting dust close to the ground.
- Dust storm or sandstorm: very low visibility and strong winds.
How to check dust and air quality
Each city page on our website has an Air Quality section with PM10 (dust and coarse particles) and PM2.5 (fine particles) readings, plus hourly wind speed:
A sharp rise in PM10 combined with strong wind is a clear sign of dust. The wind layer on our weather radar map also helps you see where strong winds are blowing across the Kingdom.
Health tips during dust
- Stay indoors as much as possible and keep windows and doors closed.
- Wear a suitable mask (such as an N95-type mask) when you go out, especially if you have asthma or allergies, and for older people and children.
- Drink water, and rinse your face and eyes when you get back home.
- Avoid outdoor exercise while dust levels are high.
- Keep inhalers and medication at hand if you have a respiratory condition, and seek medical advice if symptoms worsen.
- Set your car or home air conditioning to recirculate to limit dust coming in.
Driving safely in a sandstorm
- Slow down and leave a large gap to the vehicle in front.
- Switch on your low-beam headlights; avoid overtaking.
- Do not stop in a traffic lane. If visibility becomes near zero, pull well off the road at a safe spot and wait for conditions to improve.
- Postpone desert trips and long road journeys when a dust storm is forecast.
Protecting your home
- Seal gaps around windows and doors before the dusty season.
- Clean or replace air-conditioner filters regularly.
- Secure loose objects on balconies and roofs before strong winds.
FAQ
What is the difference between PM10 and PM2.5?
PM10 are larger particles, including dust and fine sand. PM2.5 are much finer particles that can reach deep into the lungs. Both rise during dust storms.
Does dust come before rain?
Sometimes. The strong winds ahead of thunderclouds can raise dust before the rain starts. Watch the rain radar to see storms approaching.
Where can I find official dust warnings?
Follow the alerts of the National Center for Meteorology (NCM) and the instructions of the relevant authorities, especially before travelling by road.
Is it safe to go running on a dusty day?
It is best to avoid outdoor exercise when PM10 is high. Check the air quality on your city weather page first.
